Robert Rosenthal (1933-2024).

Robert Rosenthal died on January 5, 2024, in Riverside, California, at the age of 90. Born March 2, 1933, in Giessen, Germany, just as the Nazis came to power, the young Bob-he always insisted that everyone call him "Bob"-and his family fled in 1939 to Rhodesia (a British African protectorate) before making it to New York and then Los Angeles. Bob's dissertation derived from the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). It compared projection in paranoid schizophrenic patients versus a normal control group after an experimental manipulation. Bob analyzed his dissertation pretest data (before the intervention) and found that his groups already differed in the direction that would support his expected result. Thus was launched the career and field of experimenter expectancy effects-"the Rosenthal effect." Saying that God also loved p < .06, Bob helped lead the charge against the ridiculous but long-standing practice whereby psychology journals would reject articles where significance testing did not reach the magical .05 level, regardless of the quality and importance of the research. With over 500 publications and hundreds of thousands of citations of his work, he forever transformed the fields of psychology and education. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Health and economic benefits of achieving contraceptive and maternal health targets in Small Island Developing States in the Pacific and Caribbean.

INTRODUCTION: Reducing unmet need for modern contraception and expanding access to quality maternal health (MH) services are priorities for improving women's health and economic empowerment. To support investment decisions, we estimated the additional cost and expected health and economic benefits of achieving the United Nations targets of zero unmet need for modern contraceptive choices and 95% coverage of MH services by 2030 in select Small Island Developing States. METHODS: Five Pacific (Kiribati, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu) and four Caribbean (Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica and Saint Lucia) countries were considered based on population survey data availability. For each country, the Lives Saved Tool was used to model costs, health outcomes and economic benefits for two scenarios: business-as-usual (BAU) (coverage maintained) and coverage-targets-achieved, which scaled linearly from 2022 (following COVID-19 disruptions) coverage of evidence-based family planning and MH interventions to reach United Nations targets, including modern contraceptive methods and access to complete antenatal, delivery and emergency care. Unintended pregnancies, maternal deaths, stillbirths and newborn deaths averted by the coverage-targets-achieved scenario were converted to workforce, education and social economic benefits; and benefit-cost ratios were calculated. RESULTS: The coverage-targets-achieved scenario required an additional US$12.6M (US$10.8M-US$15.9M) over 2020-2030 for the five Pacific countries (15% more than US$82.4M to maintain BAU). This additional investment was estimated to avert 126 000 (40%) unintended pregnancies, 2200 (28%) stillbirths and 121 (29%) maternal deaths and lead to a 15-fold economic benefit of US$190.6M (US$67.0M-US$304.5M) by 2050. For the four Caribbean countries, an additional US$17.8M (US$15.3M-US$22.4M) was needed to reach the targets (4% more than US$405.4M to maintain BAU). This was estimated to avert 127 000 (23%) unintended pregnancies, 3600 (23%) stillbirths and 221 (25%) maternal deaths and lead to a 24-fold economic benefit of US$426.2M (US$138.6M-US$745.7M) by 2050. CONCLUSION: Achieving full coverage of contraceptive and MH services in the Pacific and Caribbean is likely to have a high return on investment.

Adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment patterns among resectable pancreatic cancer patients in the USA.

Aim: Chemotherapy is standard before and/or after pancreatic cancer resection, yet benefits of pre-resection chemotherapy are unclear. Real-world pre- and post-resection treatment patterns were evaluated retrospectively. Methods: Neoadjuvant (3-months pre-surgery) and adjuvant (6-months post-surgery) treatment claims from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2019 in US adults with resectable pancreatic cancer were analyzed. Results: Of the 737 patients, 29% received no chemotherapy in either setting; 22% received chemotherapy in both settings. In the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings, 69 and 33% of patients, respectively, received no treatment at all. FOLFIRINOX and gemcitabine monotherapy were the most common chemotherapies in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings, respectively. Adjuvant FOLFIRINOX increased post-2018, whereas gemcitabine-based regimens decreased. Conclusion: Several chemotherapy regimens were used in both settings. Treatment patterns differed between the two settings.

Some patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer can undergo surgery to remove the tumor. Standard of care is to treat the patient with chemotherapy after the surgery. Chemotherapy is sometimes given before the surgery, yet it is unknown if this pre-treatment is beneficial. This study used insurance claim data from patients with pancreatic cancer in USA to evaluate real-world pre- and post-surgery chemotherapy patterns. Of the 737 analyzed patients, almost a third did not receive chemotherapy at all whereas one-fifth received chemotherapy both pre- and post-surgery. More patients received chemotherapy post-surgery than pre-surgery. Several different chemotherapy regimens were used, but the most common regimens used recently were those that had evidence from clinical trials. Chemotherapy was given more often to patients less than 65 years old than those 65 years or older, indicating more aggressive treatment in younger patients. Overall, the study indicates that a variety of treatments are being used and treatment patterns differ pre- and post-surgery. However, our study also shows that treatment strategies continue to evolve as our understanding of treatment impact and outcomes improves.

Priority Indicators for Adolescent Health Measurement - Recommendations From the Global Action for Measurement of Adolescent Health (GAMA) Advisory Group.

PURPOSE: This article describes the selection of priority indicators for adolescent (10-19 years) health measurement proposed by the Global Action for Measurement of Adolescent health advisory group and partners, building on previous work identifying 33 core measurement areas and mapping 413 indicators across these areas. METHODS: The indicator selection process considered inputs from a broad range of stakeholders through a structured four-step approach: (1) definition of selection criteria and indicator scoring; (2) development of a draft list of indicators with metadata; (3) collection of public feedback through a survey; and (4) review of the feedback and finalization of the indicator list. As a part of the process, measurement gaps were also identified. RESULTS: Fifty-two priority indicators were identified, including 36 core indicators considered to be most important for measuring the health of all adolescents, one alternative indicator for settings where measuring the core indicator is not feasible, and 15 additional indicators for settings where further detail on a topic would add value. Of these indicators, 17 (33%) measure health behaviors and risks, 16 (31%) health outcomes and conditions, eight (15%) health determinants, five (10%) systems performance and interventions, four (8%) policies, programmes, laws, and two (4%) subjective well-being. DISCUSSION: A consensus list of priority indicators with metadata covering the most important health issues for adolescents was developed with structured inputs from a broad range of stakeholders. This list will now be pilot tested to assess the feasibility of indicator data collection to inform global, regional, national, and sub-national monitoring.

Levodopa treatment patterns in Parkinson's disease: A retrospective chart review.

BACKGROUND: Medication regimens for Parkinson's disease (PD) may change as the disease progresses, symptoms fluctuate, or medication-related adverse events occur. This study evaluated treatment trends by observation year for patients initially receiving monotherapy with levodopa and a peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor (PDDI). METHODS: In this retrospective chart review, therapy changes were evaluated for patients across the US diagnosed with PD on or before 6/30/2014 who initially received levodopa-PDDI monotherapy. Index date was the first clinic visit. Post-index was any time between the first 31 days after index and study end (6/30/2019). Index Hoehn-Yahr (H-Y) score and medication changes were also analyzed by index low (<400 mg/day) or high (≥400 mg/day) levodopa doses in the levodopa-PDDI combinations. RESULTS: In the levodopa-PDDI cohort (n = 95), there were 0.39 dose escalations, 0.16 dose reductions, 0.12 discontinuations, 0.19 therapy switches, and 0.24 add-ons per patient per year during the study. Most dose escalations or add-ons occurred within the first 6 months post-index. Of those who ever stopped levodopa-PDDI (n = 34), 31 (91%) restarted within the study period. Most (83%) patients who restarted levodopa-PDDI did so in the same year as stopping treatment. Index low dose users were associated with lower H-Y scores, were more inclined to escalate their dose, and were less inclined to reduce their dose in the first 2 years of treatment than index high dose users. CONCLUSIONS: Prescribers and patients tend to experiment with levodopa-PDDI treatment. Although many patients appeared to stop levodopa-PDDI after an initial course of treatment, most subsequently restarted treatment.

Natural history and patterns of treatment change in Parkinson's disease: A retrospective chart review.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) management seeks to balance the benefits and harms of current medications and evolves as the disease progresses. The natural history of PD and associated patterns of treatment change were analyzed to identify unmet needs in treatment of PD symptoms. METHODS: Medical charts of patients from clinics across the US diagnosed on or before June 30th, 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Index date was the first clinic visit, and the post-index period was through study end (June 30th, 2019). Outcomes included the frequency of therapy changes in the post-index period, reasons for therapy change, and adverse events (AE). RESULTS: Patients (n = 203) at index were receiving levodopa-peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor (PDDI) monotherapy (47%), dopaminergic agonist (DA) monotherapy (15%), monoamine oxidase B inhibitor (MAOBI) monotherapy (14%), or combination therapies. The percentage of patients in Hoehn-Yahr disease Stage 1-2 was 52% at index and 20% by the end of the study. Frequencies of motor, non-motor, and neuropsychiatric symptoms increased during the enrollment. Levodopa-PDDI monotherapy and levodopa-PDDI + MAOBI had the lowest rates of therapy changes. Symptom relapse was the most common reason for dose escalation, add-on, and dose reduction, whereas AEs were the most common reason for discontinuation and switching. Dose escalation, add-on, and forward switch were most likely to occur in the first 6 months of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Therapy changes during the study period reflected the challenging and evolving management of PD as the disease progresses. New or add-on symptomatic treatments are needed that are well-tolerated and able to control PD symptoms.

A call for standardised age-disaggregated health data.

The 2030 Sustainable Development Goals agenda calls for health data to be disaggregated by age. However, age groupings used to record and report health data vary greatly, hindering the harmonisation, comparability, and usefulness of these data, within and across countries. This variability has become especially evident during the COVID-19 pandemic, when there was an urgent need for rapid cross-country analyses of epidemiological patterns by age to direct public health action, but such analyses were limited by the lack of standard age categories. In this Personal View, we propose a recommended set of age groupings to address this issue. These groupings are informed by age-specific patterns of morbidity, mortality, and health risks, and by opportunities for prevention and disease intervention. We recommend age groupings of 5 years for all health data, except for those younger than 5 years, during which time there are rapid biological and physiological changes that justify a finer disaggregation. Although the focus of this Personal View is on the standardisation of the analysis and display of age groups, we also outline the challenges faced in collecting data on exact age, especially for health facilities and surveillance data. The proposed age disaggregation should facilitate targeted, age-specific policies and actions for health care and disease management.

A Scoping Review of Adolescent Health Indicators.

PURPOSE: A host of recent initiatives relating to adolescent health have been accompanied by varying indicator recommendations, with little stakeholder coordination. We assessed currently included adolescent health-related indicators for their measurement focus, identified overlap across initiatives, and determined measurement gaps. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review to map the existing indicator landscape as depicted by major measurement initiatives. We classified indicators as per 33 previously identified core adolescent health measurement areas across five domains and by age groups. We also identified indicators common across measurement initiatives even if differing in details. RESULTS: We identified 413 indicators across 16 measurement initiatives, with most measuring health outcomes and conditions (162 [39%]) and health behaviors and risks (136 [33%]); followed by policies, programs, and laws (49 [12%]); health determinants (44 [11%]); and system performance and interventions (22 [5%]). Age specification was available for 221 (54%) indicators, with 51 (23%) focusing on the full adolescent age range (10-19 years), 1 (<1%) on 10-14 years, 27 (12%) on 15-19 years, and 142 (64%) on a broader age range including adolescents. No definitional information, such as numerator and denominator, was available for 138 indicators. We identified 236 distinct indicators after accounting for overlap. CONCLUSION: The adolescent health measurement landscape is vast and includes substantial variation among indicators purportedly assessing the same concept. Gaps persist in measuring systems performance and interventions; policies, programs, and laws; and younger adolescents' health. Addressing these gaps and harmonizing measurement is fundamental to improve program implementation and accountability for adolescent health globally.

Priority Areas for Adolescent Health Measurement.

PURPOSE: We establish priority areas for adolescent health measurement and identify current gaps, aiming to focus resources on the most relevant data to improve adolescent health. METHODS: We collected four critical inputs to inform priority setting: perspectives of youth representatives, country priorities, disease burden, and existing measurement efforts. Health areas identified from the inputs were grouped, mapped, and summarized according to their frequency in the inputs. Using a Delphi-like approach, international experts then selected core, expanded, and context-specific priority areas for adolescent health measurement from all health areas identified. RESULTS: Across the four inputs, we identified 99 measurement areas relevant to adolescent health and grouped them under six domains: policies, programs, laws; systems performance and interventions; health determinants; health behaviors and risks; subjective well-being; and health outcomes and conditions. Areas most frequently occurring were mental health and weight status in youth representatives' opinions; sexual and reproductive health and HIV/AIDS in country policies and perspectives; road injury, self-harm, skin diseases, and mental disorders in the disease burden analysis; and adolescent fertility in measurement initiatives. Considering all four inputs, experts selected 33 core, 19 expanded, and 6 context-specific adolescent health measurement areas. CONCLUSION: The adolescent health measurement landscape is vast, covering a large variety of topics. The foci of the measurement initiatives we reviewed do not reflect the most important health areas according to youth representatives' or country-level perspectives, or the adolescent disease burden. Based on these inputs, we propose a set of priority areas to focus national and global adolescent health measurement.

Cost and impact of scaling up female genital mutilation prevention and care programs: Estimated resource requirements and impact on incidence and prevalence.

PURPOSE: SDG 5.3 targets include eliminating harmful practices such as Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). Limited information is available about levels of investment needed and realistic estimates of potential incidence change. In this work, we estimate the cost and impact of FGM programs in 31 high burden countries. METHODS: This analysis combines program data, secondary data analysis, and population-level costing methods to estimate cost and impact of high and moderate scaleup of FGM programs between 2020 and 2030. Cost per person or community reached was multiplied by populations to estimate costs, and regression analysis was used to estimate new incidence rates, which were applied to populations to estimate cases averted. RESULTS: Reaching the high-coverage targets for 31 countries by 2030 would require an investment of US$ 3.3 billion. This scenario would avert more than 24 million cases of FGM, at an average cost of US$ 134 per case averted. A moderate-coverage scenario would cost US$ 1.6 billion and avert more than 12 million cases of FGM. However, average cost per case averted hides substantial variation based on country dynamics. The most cost-effective investment would be in countries with limited historic change in FGM incidence, with the average cost per case averted between US$ 3 and US$ 90. The next most effective would be those with high approval for FGM, but a preexisting trend downward, where cost per case averted is estimated at around US$ 240. INTERPRETATION: This analysis shows that although data on FGM is limited, we can draw useful findings from population-level surveys and program data to guide resource mobilization and program planning.

Cultivating healthy trajectories: An experimental study of community gardening and health.

Advances in behavioral medicine suggest that optimal solutions to modern health challenges should be multifaceted, targeting multiple cognitions and behaviors simultaneously. Community gardening holds great promise as one such multifaceted intervention but lacks rigorous evidence of efficacy. We present one of the first experimental studies on the topic. The results revealed promise for aspects of community gardening, but also suggest the necessity for the use of rigorous methodologies moving forward. In addition, this article provides a framework for studying the effects of community gardening and similar multifaceted health promotion efforts.

Comparative effectiveness of budesonide inhalation suspension and montelukast in children with mild asthma in Korea.

Objective: The comparative effectiveness of low-dose budesonide inhalation suspension (BIS) versus oral montelukast (MON) in managing asthma control among children with mild asthma was assessed in Korea.Methods: Claims from Korea's national health insurance database for children (2-17 years) with mild asthma (GINA 1 or 2) who initiated BIS or MON during 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Pre- and post-index windows were 1 year each. Adherence, persistency, asthma control, asthma-related health-care resource utilization, and costs were evaluated using unadjusted descriptive statistics and propensity score-matched regression analyses.Results: The number of children identified was 26,052 for unmatched (n = 1,221 BIS; n = 24,831 MON) and 2,290 for matched populations (n = 1,145 per cohort). Medication adherence, measured by proportion of days covered, was low for both cohorts but significantly higher for MON versus BIS (13.8% vs. 4.5%; p < .001). Time to loss of persistency was longer for MON versus BIS (82.3 vs. 78.4 days, respectively; p < .001). Mean number of post-index asthma-related office visits was 6.6 for BIS versus 8.3 for MON (p < .001). However, a greater proportion of patients in the BIS cohort had an asthma exacerbation-related office visit than the MON cohort (78.3% vs. 56.1%; p < .001). Asthma-related total health-care costs were higher with MON versus BIS (₩ 190,185 vs. ₩ 167,432, respectively; p < .001), likely driven by higher pharmaceutical costs associated with MON (₩ 69,113 vs. ₩ 49,225; p < .001).Conclusions: Montelukast patients had better adherence, a longer time to loss of persistency, and were less likely to experience an exacerbation-related office visit in the post-index period than BIS patients.

Risk assessment of post-discharge mortality among recently hospitalized Medicare heart failure patients with reduced or preserved ejection fraction.

Objective: Targeted care management for hospitalized patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) with reduced or preserved ejection fraction (HFrEF/HFpEF) who are at higher risk for post-discharge mortality may mitigate this outcome. However, identification of the most appropriate population for intervention has been challenging. This study developed predictive models to assess risk of 30 day and 1 year post-discharge all-cause mortality among Medicare patients with HFrEF or HFpEF recently hospitalized with ADHF.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using the 100% Centers for Medicare Services fee-for-service sample with complementary Part D files. Eligible patients had an ADHF-related hospitalization and ICD-9-CM diagnosis code for systolic or diastolic heart failure between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2014. Data partitioned into training (60%), validation (20%) and test sets (20%) were used to evaluate the three model approaches: classification and regression tree, full logistic regression, and stepwise logistic regression. Performance across models was assessed by comparing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC), cumulative lift, misclassification rate, the number of input variables and the order of selection/variable importance.Results: In the HFrEF (N = 83,000) and HFpEF (N = 123,644) cohorts, 30 day all-cause mortality rates were 6.6% and 5.5%, respectively, and 1 year all-cause mortality rates were 33.6% and 29.5%. The stepwise logistic regression models performed best across both cohorts, having good discrimination (test set ROC of 0.75 for both 30 day mortality models and 0.74 for both 1 year mortality models) and the lowest number of input variables (18-34 variables).Conclusions: Post-discharge mortality risk models for recently hospitalized Medicare patients with HFrEF or HFpEF were developed and found to have good predictive ability with ROCs of greater than or equal to 0.74 and a reasonable number of input variables. Applying this risk model may help providers and health systems identify hospitalized Medicare patients with HFrEF or HFpEF who may benefit from more targeted care management.

Evaluating the Employment Benefits of Education and Targeted Interventions to Reduce Child Marriage.

PURPOSE: This study sets out to identify effective interventions to reduce child marriage, estimate their economic benefits achieved through enhanced productivity, and undertake a benefit-cost analysis of the interventions. METHODS: We model the effects of a set of identified child marriage and education interventions for 31 low- and middle-income countries,1 focusing on the reduction in child marriage rates and increasing secondary school attendance and completions. These lead to higher productivity, which generates increased gross domestic product per capita. The comparison of these benefits with the costs of the interventions generates benefit-cost ratios. RESULTS: Both types of interventions have significant effects on marriage rates for girls aged 15-17 years, which fall from 13.2% in 2015 to 5.2% in 2050. Both interventions lead to sharp increases in school attendance and secondary completion, which is 19.3% points higher by 2030. The productivity improvement is 22.7% by 2030. The average benefit-cost ratio for the 31 countries is 7.4 (standard deviation of 1.0) at a 3% discount rate. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that there are substantial economic gains to reducing child marriage by specific child marriage and education interventions.

A Health System-Based Investment Case for Adolescent Health.

PURPOSE: This study argues that investments in the health of the world's 1.2 billion adolescents is a critical component of the overall investment case for adolescents and is vital for achieving the United Nation's Sustainable Development Agenda. We undertake a benefit cost analysis of a range of interventions to improve adolescent health. METHODS: We examined investments in intervention-specific costs, program costs, and health systems costs at a country level for 40 low- and middle-income countries that account for about 90% of adolescents in low- and middle-income countries. Intervention-specific costs and impacts were computed using the OneHealth Tool, whereas other published resources were used for the program and health systems costs. Interventions modeled include those addressing physical, sexual, and reproductive health; maternal and newborn health; and some noncommunicable diseases. Two coverage scenarios were simulated: an unchanged coverage scenario and one in which the coverage increases to achieve a high coverage by 2030. RESULTS: Key outcomes included estimates of the costs, health-related impacts, and benefit-cost ratios (BCRs). For the 66 adolescent health interventions modeled for 40 countries, the total cost for the period of 2015-2030 was $358.4 billion or an average of $4.5 per capita each year. From 2015 to 2030, there were 7.0 million deaths averted, and 1.5 million serious disabilities averted. At a 3% discount rate, the average BCR were 12.6, 9.9, and 6.4 for low-income, lower middle-income, and upper middle-income countries, respectively. Countries with adolescent mortality rates ≥200 per 100,000 had an average BCR of 14.8 compared with countries with adolescent mortality rates <100 per 100,000 had an average BCR of 5.7. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that there are substantial benefits from a program of interventions to improve adolescent health.

A Systematic Global Review of Condom Availability Programs in High Schools.

PURPOSE: High levels of HIV, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and pregnancy among adolescents has motivated some countries to consider the implementation of condom availability programs (CAPs) in high schools. In this present study, we analyzed the impact of CAP on students' sexual behaviors and health outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed articles published between 1990 and 2017. RESULTS: Twenty-nine articles from seven countries were included in this review. We found that CAP does not increase sexual activity nor lead to a greater number of sexual partners. It also does not lower the age of sexual initiation. A majority of the studies reported an increase in condom uptake and use at last sex among students with CAP. All the studies that examined STI found a decrease of STI symptoms and rates for students with CAP compared with the control group. The data on HIV rates was inconclusive. There was no difference in pregnancy rates associated with participation in CAP programs. CONCLUSION: This global literature review showed that the fears surrounding CAP and promiscuity are unfounded. Once CAP is in place, students utilize it, and condom use increases, which translates to improved sexual health outcomes.

Trends in Asthma Control, Treatment, Health Care Utilization, and Expenditures Among Children in the United States by Place of Residence: 2003-2014.

BACKGROUND: Examining national trends in asthma treatment and control is essential to inform treatment and public health initiatives. OBJECTIVE: Explore national trends in asthma control and treatment over time among children and those residing in poor-urban areas. METHODS: This was an analysis of trends from 2003 to 2014 among children (aged 1-17 years) in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Indicators of poor control included use of more than 3 canisters of short-acting ß-agonists (SABAs) in 3 months, asthma attack, emergency department/inpatient hospitalization, and systemic corticosteroids. Treatment included inhaled corticosteroids, controller medications, SABAs, and greater than or equal to 0.7 ratio of controller-to-total prescriptions. Other measures included the number of asthma medications, outpatient visits, asthma-specific drug, and total expenditures per-patient-per-year. RESULTS: There were 8.4 million children with asthma in the United States in 2014; 11.1% lived in poor-urban areas. There was a statistically significant decrease in the percentage of children using inhaled corticosteroids, controller medications, daily preventive medications, systemic corticosteroids, SABAs, more than 3 canisters of SABAs (in 3 months), overall asthma prescriptions, and outpatient visits. There was a significant increase in the percentage of children reporting having an asthma attack. Trends for children residing in poor-urban areas were compared with all others; however, limited data and variability in annual estimates prevent clear conclusions. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest lack of improvement in treatment and control since 2003 among children with asthma in the United States. There is significant room for improvement in asthma control and disease management among children.